2022/05/12

Why the Four Pillars of Modern Civilization Are Incompatible with a Net-Zero Emission Future

● 12/05/2022
“Until all energies used to extract and process these four indispensable materials come from renewable conversions, modern civilization will remain fundamentally dependent on fossil fuels.”
– Czech-Canadian scientist and policy analyst Vaclav Smil, on how cement, steel, plastics, and ammonia—the “four pillars of modern civilization”—are (largely) incompatible with a net-zero emission future
Time
Metadata: Contributors:
$40 USD