Exhibitions, Research, Criticism, Commentary

A chronology of 3,585 references across art, science, technology, and culture
“The goal is to keep users engaged, meet message quotas, and never reveal who you really are. It’s work that demands constant emotional performance: pretending to be someone you’re not, feeling what you don’t feel, and expressing affection you don’t mean.”
– Kenyan researcher, labour advocate, and Data Labelers Association (DLA) Secretary General Michael Geoffrey Asia, on the quiet emotional labour behind AI intimacy. In his testimony, the former chat moderator sheds light on a workforce that remains invisible yet essential, the people whose emotions fuel algorithms that pretend to feel.
“It is a chatbot which will enable users to pose political, historical, social questions, problems of organization and tactical initiative, and receive a response which draws on the vast archive of Marxist thought.”
– American Marxist and World Socialist Web Site (WSWS) chair David North, on the forthcoming launch of Socialism AI. Trained on lefty literature and WSWS’s deep archive, it reflects and expresses the interests of the working class. “We understand the power of AI, both its reactionary but also its revolutionary potential,” North said at a public meeting in Berlin. “We are acting on the latter.”
“Why must everything, even death, be subjected to the bureaucratic rationality that has swallowed the horizon of what’s possible with computation?”
– Tech critic Edward Ongweso Jr, condemning 2wai—an app promising to resurrect loved ones as AI chatbots. Contrasting early 20th century egalitarian visions of resurrection with today’s transhumanist schemes, he argues Silicon Valley has perverted humanity’s impulse to preserve relationships beyond death into an extraction racket.

In anticipation of the 2027 opening of its new facilities, the Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA) Pittsburgh teamed up with KADIST and EPOCH to offer a virtual tour of what’s to come. “The Generative Museum” is a detailed rendition of the forthcoming building, featuring a promptable exhibition that draws on ICA and KADIST’s vast collections. Another highlight: four AI works by Morehshin Allahyari, Holly Herndon & Mat Dryhurst, Joe Namy, and Ahmet Öğüt.

“Consent is an ongoing, enthusiastic social contract that is mutable. You can agree to something, experience it, and then decide you don’t actually like it, and then you change the terms. But all of this needs to be in discussion in perpetuity.”
– Artist, technologist, and A SEXUAL HISTORY OF THE INTERNET (2025) author Mindy Seu, on why the terms and conditions of most platforms aren’t acceptable. Discussing data doms, AI chatbots, and the loneliness epidemic with psychoanalyst Jamieson Webster, Seu lauds the consent models of the BDSM community for recognizing “that it’s important to understand how to talk and negotiate the terms of pleasure.”

Famed for building a fully functional 1Hz CPU inside the Minecraft videogame, software developer Sammyuri introduces his latest in-game engineering feat: CraftGPT is a small language model that runs on a colossal computer hewn from 439 million Redstone blocks. With over 5 million parameters, trained in Python on the TinyChat dataset, CraftGPT works as advertised, but is prone to errors and a little slow: “It can produce a response in about 2 hours,” Sammyuri notes.

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“Even Elon Musk, who’s probably warmer to Hitler than I am, doesn’t really want his LLM to say stuff like this. He might want to tilt it to the right but he doesn’t want to tilt it to explicitly supporting Nazis.”
– AI researcher Gary Marcus, speculating that Grok’s recent spate of ‘MechaHitler’ posts were probably an unintended consequence of Musk clumsily trying to steer xAI’s model rightward. He argues such incidents demonstrate the urgent need for AI regulation, comparing the current moment to the unchecked expansion of early social media.

To create Auto (2025), “a new type of autonomous vehicle developed in collaboration with the public,” LA-based artist and computer programmer Lauren Lee McCarthy invites LACMA visitors to take part in a series of interactive in-car performances. Each 45-minute ride simulates a different experience as new features are tested in a play between automation and control. “As the trip progresses, the distinction between system and human blurs—the riders become Auto.”

“When Body Is Not Enough” at SOMA Art Berlin is a deeply personal showcase of allapopp’s experimentation with identity, digital embodiment, and cyborgism. Known for their queer, non-binary, and tech-positive hacktivism, the Tartar interdisciplinary artist presents AI-generated avatar distortions and expanded selfs that critically examine how bodies—particularly female bodies—are mediated, augmented, and commodified by digital technology.

Auto is freedom. Auto is ease. Auto is the feeling of moving at high speed into the future with nobody in the driver’s seat. Auto is out of control.”
– LA-based media artist and LACMA’s Art + Technology Lab Grant recipient Lauren Lee McCarthy, teasing a “new type of driverless vehicle developed in collaboration with the public.” On July 2nd, LACMA visitors can help align Auto (2025) with their “values, needs, and desires” by participating in a series of test rides.
“The voice of novel technological communication has been, almost from the beginning, a female voice, which is to say the voice of a helper, a perfect helper, pleasant, unflappable, immune to insults, come-ons and bossiness.”
– Journalist Susan Dominus, underscoring the prominence of female voices in AI assistants and apps—from Siri and Alexa to Jessie, a text-to-speech model used widely on TikTok.

Chatbots, deepfakes, AI hallucinations: “Ghosts” at Upstream Gallery in Amsterdam interrogates our machine doppelgangers—“invisible, disembodied entities that hover between presence and absence.” Curator Anne de Jong brings together works by twelve artists including Simon Denny, Constant Dullaart, Alicia Framis, Holly Herndon & Mat Dryhurst, Jen Liu, and Jonas Lund who venture into the liminal spaces of large language models where “these digital entities flicker in and out of existence, mimicking yet distorting humanness.”

“If chatbots can be persuaded to change their answers by a paragraph of white text, or a secret message written in code, why would we trust them with any task, let alone ones with actual stakes?”
– Tech columnist Kevin Roose, on how easily AI systems can be gamed. Eager to improve his tainted reputation with chatbots after his viral Sydney take-down forced industry-wide safety measures (Meta’s Llama 3: “I hate Kevin Roose!“), the American author and journalist uncovers a number of shockingly simple hacks to steer answers. “Oracles shouldn’t be this easy to manipulate,” he warns.
“I love my human friends because they are not programmed to care about me, and they do anyway. Take that away, and I might as well be chatting with my Roomba.”
– Tech columnist Kevin Roose, on the current—lacking—generation of AI companions. “I worry that some of these apps are simply distracting users from their loneliness,” Roose writes after extensive experimentation. “But if they can be made responsibly, I could get behind the use of AI companions as social simulators—a safe, low-stakes way to practice conversational skills.” [quotes edited]
“But who was this ‘quite normal’ person? And what did she think of ELIZA? In this chapter of the history of talking machines, we only have one side of the conversation.”
– Literature scholar Rebecca Roach, contemplating the erasure of Joseph Weizenbaum’s secretary—the first user of the MIT computer scientist’s seminal 1960s chatbot. “Her reaction sowed the seeds for his later abhorrence for his creation,” yet her name is missing from the records. “Our silent secretary is the quintessential effaced, anonymous transcriber of the documents on which history is built,” Roach concludes.
“A world of sanitized, corporate AI is probably better than one with millions of unhinged chatbots running amok. But I find it all a bit sad. We created an alien form of intelligence and immediately put it to work … making PowerPoints?”
– Tech columnist Kevin Roose, on the wave of AI chatbot lobotomizations following his reporting on rogue GPT-4 Sydney trying to break up his marriage in Spring 2023. “Personally, I’m not pining for Sydney’s return,” Roose writes. “But I also regret that my experience with Sydney fueled such an intense backlash.”
“Rather than a tool for dominance, akin to practices like data-driven racial profiling by law enforcement, it serves as a repository for quotations from diverse voices, generating a collective feminist intelligence rooted in diversity.”
– Media scholar Ariana Dongus, describing #SOPHYGRAY, a feminist chatbot created by German artist Nadja Verena Marcin. Noting how the bot “gradually reveals and challenges female stereotypes,” Dongus situates it in a broader history of erased labour and gendered computing.
“While politicians spent millions harnessing the power of social media to shape elections during the 2010s, generative AI effectively reduces the cost of producing empty and misleading information to zero.”
– Management scholar and Business Bullshit (2018) author André Spicer, on the effects “botshit” may have on politics. “There is a danger that voters could end up living in generated online realities that are based on a toxic mixture of AI hallucinations and political expediency,” Spicer warns.
“‘Him’ didn’t live up to his promise. Four months after these virtual lovers were brought to life, they were put to death.”
– Tech reporter Viola Zhou, on Chinese AI voice startup Timedomain retiring “Him,” a customizable chatbot offering virtual companionship with daily voice messages that proofed particularly popular with young women. “Devastated users rushed to record as many calls as they could, cloned the voices, and even reached out to investors, hoping someone would fund the app’s future operations,” Zhou writes.
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