Exhibitions, Research, Criticism, Commentary

A chronology of 3,585 references across art, science, technology, and culture
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W. Patrick McCray
Historian W. Patrick McCray chronicles how books—from cybernetics primers to internet guides—made computers comprehensible and compelling, transforming new, strange machines into everyday technology in postwar America.
“Many people will say that citations are the ultimate feminist technology—a social network of how ideas come together through community, not because of some individual genius. Adding a financial component felt like an extension of that.”
– Artist and technologist Mindy Seu, on the experimental redistribution model of her new book, A Sexual History of the Internet (2025). “Every single person who is cited in the book splits 30 per cent of all profits,” Seu tells writer Laura Pitcher. [main quote edited]
“Creating and sharing knowledge are defining traits of humankind, yet copyright law has grown so restrictive that it can require acts of civil disobedience to ensure that students and scholars have the books they need.”
– Digital rights advocate Rory Mir, on how publishing gatekeepers have turned access to knowledge into a human rights issue. Mir argues that predatory paywalls and corporate control over academic research make “a mockery of open inquiry,” urging for decentralized Open Science infrastructure as the necessary alternative.
“We went from MONDO 2000 being the main magazine of the internet—a weird, psychedelic, hypertext universe, Gen X free-for-all—to WIRED, which was saying ‘you can make money,’ and ‘you can invest in the future.’ Once people are betting on the future they don’t want infinite possibility anymore.”
– Writer Douglas Rushkoff, on the shift in magazine mindshare—from counterculture to commerce—that signalled the end of the early internet. [quote edited]
“Our two primary material references were the iPhone and the little black book. It’s like a brick—the dimensions of an iPhone extruded to 3 inches.”
– Researcher Mindy Seu, describing the form factor of her forthcoming book, A Sexual History of the Internet [quote edited]
“Some of the most important moments of people’s lives are in the deep, rich encounters with written work—they shape who we are and who we become. Why would we seek to rip this up into an abstracted mess of training data, a series of trivial and often incorrect Cliff Notes and factoids?”
– Anonymous MIT Press author, responding to a survey on large language model training practices. The 850 respondents oppose unlicensed AI training use, demanding consent, attribution, and compensation.
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“We now have the data that there are big, well-funded AI companies that are just behaving horribly. And, frankly, if they’re gonna behave like hackers, then we’re gonna behave like trolls.”
– Cloudflare chief executive Matthew Prince, on why the American internet infrastructure giant decided not only to block AI scrapers but to trap them in slop labyrinths. “We’re on the right side of history,” Prince exclaims. “You’re spending billions of dollars on GPUs, you should be dedicating at least something to paying for content.”
“Like Thiel, Elon Musk looked at Twitter and identified a unique—and uniquely ideological—vector for information, and snuffed out the parts he didn’t like. And like Thiel, he has been shockingly successful in achieving his goals.”
– Journalist Willy Staley, on how one former PayPal co-founder’s crusade against the liberal media emboldened another. In 2016, Peter Thiel financed Hulk Hogan’s takedown of Gawker, reshaping online media forever. In 2022, Elon Musk took aim at “another pesky node of information,” pledging to purge ‘wokeness’ from journalists’ darling Twitter (now X).
“There is functionally little difference between a lauded writer with a recognizable avatar and a prominent social-media influencer. The only difference is in the way each metabolizes the experience of influence.”
– Journalist Kyle Chayka, resurfacing Allegra Hobbs’ 2019 essay, “The Journalist as Influencer,” that looks at the commodification of personality—“turning your voice into followers and paid subscribers that no CEO can take away”—in a destabilizing media industry. “It aged very well,” Chayka notes.
“The book needs to be read by at least two to three people before its environmental footprint becomes smaller than the one caused by reading all Low-tech Magazine articles online.”
Low-tech editor Kris De Decker, on the complexities of sustainable publishing. A rigorous impact analysis revealed that the new Compressed Edition of the Low-tech print compendium clocks in at 2.48 to 3.70 kg of CO2 per copy while the magazine’s light-weight and solar-powered website only produces 9 kg per year. Once printed however, books don’t require infrastructure, have longer lifespans, and can be read by multiple people.

London-based arts organisation Furtherfield drops a free PDF of its long out-of-stock publication Artists Re: Thinking Games (2010). Edited by Ruth Catlow, Marc Garrett, and Corrado Morgana, and co-produced with FACT, Liverpool, for the “Space Invaders: Art in the Computer Game Environment” exhibition, the book examines how artists use videogames for critique and commentary. “We still get requests for the book every other week, which speaks volumes about its lasting relevance,” Furtherfield writes about the rerelease.

“Pluralistic democracy doesn’t work if too many people are too angry to compromise. It also doesn’t work if too many people are too tired to listen.”
– Media studies scholar and This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things (2016) author Whitney Phillips, on the challenges of covering—not amplifying—mis/disinformation amidst “a politics of too much.” Information overload in a deeply fractured media landscape drives rage and silence, Phillips argues, warning that the latter—disengagement—is just as concerning. “It’s the quieter articulation of stress: giving up on the conversation entirely.”
“They refuse to leave the party even though they hate the host and think he might have poisoned the drinks. The band plays on, while we wonder with every step whose tune it is we’re dancing to.”
– Technology writer Molly Roberts, on the media’s addiction to X, despite the platform’s deterioration and overt right-wing shift under Elon Musk. “Unless the entirety of the political elite settles on an alternative, the movers and shakers will continue to move and shake on X—acting as if it’s still Twitter,” Roberts writes.

One of the sites where tech blogging started in the 2000s, The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW), is back—kind of. Shuttered in 2015, Jay Peters and Sean Hollister report on how TUAW was acquired by Web Orange Limited this year. The hitch: the new owner did not acquire TUAW’s content and used generative AI to rewrite it all—badly—to attract search engine traffic. “Seeing my name on this slop is so fucked,” vents former TUAW blogger Christina Sharp, who discovered recent zombie content had been attributed to her.

“Any art practice based on exposing systemic failure will ultimately be co-opted. Your clever face tracking critique will be turned into a cute photo filter. Your subversive design work will be appropriated to improve optics and grant an air of credibility.”
– American media artist Kyle McDonald, parsing fellow artist and scholar Roopa Vasudevan’s “banger” zine Transparency, Hypervisibility, Revelation: On Modalities of Creative Resistance (2024), the first release of Vasudevan’s new Strategic Transparency imprint

In honour of the 75th anniversary of Germany’s constitution, the weekend edition of one of the country’s major newspapers, Süddeutsche Zeitung, comes infused with its DNA—literally. Researchers from Munich and Zurich’s technical universities synthesized genetic code containing millions of copies of the legal text and mixed it into the printer ink. DNA is the data storage medium of the future, the researchers say. Whether the ink’s contents can be decoded, however, is subject to further experimentation.

Italian game developer, artist, and educator Paolo Pedercini releases The New York Times Simulator (2024), a fast-paced browser game where players steer the news titan’s fortunes as editor-in-chief. Inspired by Lucas Pope’s 2012 Flash game The Republia Times, Pedercini’s parody game problematizes corporate media and propaganda. The goal: Align front page contents and headlines with powerful interests to “lead the most trusted newspaper through our tumultuous times and into the digital age.”

“So literally, I was like, what the fuck? Get these down. What are you doing? It’s as if I was the head of Gucci, and there’s all these knockoffs.”
– Veteran tech journalist Kara Swisher, on AI-generated clones of her memoir, Burn Book (2024), flooding Amazon. First reported by 404 media, the rip-offs have since blossomed in variety, sporting alt titles (Tech’s Queen Bee With A Sting), different authors, and illustrious synthetic cover photography. “So I, of course, put them all together, and I sent Andy Jassy [the CEO of Amazon] a note and said, what the fuck? You’re costing me money.”
“Artist PSA: Go download every bit of press you’ve received today, because the media industry situation is dire and not getting better any time soon.”
– Digital performance artist Sam Rolfes, urging personal backup measures as rumours of Vice going offline spread. The long-time poster child of digital media filed for bankruptcy in 2023 and just announced it will stop publishing content on its website for good. [quote edited]
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